How does passwordless authentication work

Passwordless authentication works by allowing users to verify their identity without the need for a traditional password. Instead, it relies on more secure and user-friendly methods such as biometrics, hardware security keys, or one-time codes. Here’s how passwordless authentication typically works:

Key Methods of Passwordless Authentication:

1. Biometric Authentication:

   • Users authenticate using their biometrics, like fingerprints, facial recognition, or voice recognition. These unique physical attributes are stored locally on the device and compared during the authentication process.
   • Example: Apple's Face ID or Touch ID.

2. Hardware Security Keys:

   • Users plug in or tap a security key (such as a FIDO2 key) to their device. The key uses public-private key cryptography to authenticate the user without needing a password.
   • Example: YubiKey or Google Titan Security Key.

3. One-Time Passcodes (OTP) or Magic Links:

   • Users receive a one-time code or a magic link via email or SMS, which they use to log in. The code or link is valid for a short period and provides a secure way to verify the user’s identity.
   • Example: A service sends a login link to your email that you click to gain access.

How Passwordless Authentication Works:

1. User Initiates Login: The user enters their username or another identifier, like their email, to start the login process.
2. Authentication Method:
   • Biometric: The device (such as a smartphone) prompts the user to provide a fingerprint, facial scan, or voice match.
   • Security Key: The user inserts or taps a hardware security key that generates a cryptographic response.
   • OTP or Magic Link: The user receives a one-time passcode or magic link and enters it or clicks the link to complete the login.
3. Server Validation: The server uses the public key (for security keys) or checks the one-time passcode to verify that the user is who they claim to be.
4. Login Success: If the validation is successful, the user gains access to the system without entering a password.

Benefits:

• Stronger Security: It reduces the risk of phishing attacks, credential stuffing, and brute force attacks since no password is used or stored.
• Better User Experience: Users don't need to remember or manage passwords, making the login process faster and more convenient.
• Reduced Attack Surface: Since passwords are not used, common password-related attacks (like password leaks) are eliminated.

Passwordless authentication improves both security and convenience, offering a more secure alternative to traditional password-based logins.